on Jul 18, 2015
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weight-9,70gr diameter-27mm
The earliest directly attested examples of a Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC
Insular Celtic is attested from about the 4th century in ogham inscriptions , although it is clearly much earlier
Literary tradition begins with Old Irish from about the 8th century
Coherent texts of Early Irish literature , such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley), survive in 12th-century recensions
[7] The Continental Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the 6th century
Latin "Gallus" might originally be from a Celtic ethnic or tribal name , perhaps borrowed into Latin during the Celtic expansions into Italy of the early 5th century BC
[18] The English form "Gaul" (first recorded in the 17th century) and "Gaulish" come from the French "Gaule" and "Gaulois", which translate Latin "Gallia" and "Gallus, -icus" respectively
[23] Earlier theories were that this indicated a common racial origin but more recent theories are reflective of culture and language rather than race
Some scholars think that the Urnfield culture of Western Middle Europe represents an origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European family
[2] This culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late Bronze Age , from ca. 1200 BC until 700 BC, itself following the Unetice and Tumulus cultures
The spread of iron-working led to the development of the Hallstatt culture directly from the Urnfield ( ca. 700 to 500 BC)
This view was challenged by Jubainville[ citation needed ] who placed the land of origin of the Celts east of the Rhine
A shift of settlement centres took place in the 4th century
Pausanias in the 2nd century BC says that the Gauls "originally called Celts", "live on the remotest region of Europe on the coast of an enormous tidal sea"
Though his original work is lost it was used by later writers such as Strabo
The latter, writing in the early 1st century AD, deals with Britain and Gaul as well as Hispania, Italy and Galatia
Diodorus Siculus wrote about the Celts of Gaul and Britain in his 1st-century history
From the 3rd century BC the Gauls adopted coinage, and texts with Greek characters are known in southern Gaul from the 2nd century
The Romans arrived in the Rhone valley in the 2nd century BC and encountered a Gaul that was mostly Celtic-speaking
John T. Koch of the University of Wales-Aberystwyth suggested that Tartessian inscriptions of the 8th century BC might already be classified as Celtic
One of the most influential tribes, the Scordisci , had established their capital at Singidunum in 3rd century BC, which is present-day Belgrade , Serbia
Celtic arrival in Britain is usually taken to correspond to Hallstatt influence and the appearance of chariot burials in what is now England from about the 6th century BC
By about the 6th century ( Sub-Roman Britain ), most of the inhabitants of the Isles were speaking Celtic languages of either the Goidelic or the Brythonic branch
Patron-client relationships similar to those of Roman society are also described by Caesar and others in the Gaul of the 1st century BC
The Dying Gaul , a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BC Capitoline Museums , Rome
The oldest recorded rhyming poetry in the world is of Irish origin [69] and is a transcription of a much older epic poem , leading some scholars to claim that the Celts invented rhyme
[70] Clothes were made of wool or linen , with some silk being used by the rich
a very witty remark is reported to have been made by the wife of Argentocoxus, a Caledonian, to Julia Augusta
Plutarch reports that Celtic women acted as ambassadors to avoid a war among Celts chiefdoms in the Po valley during the 4th century BC
Polybius (2.33) indicates that the principal Celtic weapon was a long bladed sword which was used for hacking edgewise rather than stabbing
Diodorus Siculus , in his 1st century History had this to say about Celtic head-hunting:
Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century
Antiquarian interest from the 17th century led to the term Celt being extended, and rising nationalism brought Celtic revivals from the 19th century
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